Sociodemographic, socioeconomic and motivational profile of brazilian triathletes / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros

ABSTRACT Introduction: Triathlon can be considered one of the most successful endurance sports worldwide due to the wide dissemination of information, expansion of the offer of competitions, and greater popularity. Objective: To analyze Brazilian triathletes' sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational profiles. Methods: 411 triathletes participated in the study, 127 women [37.87 ± 9.34 years] and 284 men [36.02 ± 9.23 years]. Three questionnaires were sent electronically to assess sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational data. In addition, descriptive analyses and statistical tests were performed to compare motivation between age, sex, and technical level groups. Results: It was found that there is a prevalence of male triathletes, amateurs, aged between 30-40 years, employed and economically favored. Amateur athletes have running as a base sport for Triathlon, and professionals start their sports career through swimming. Among the most practiced distances are the sprint Triathlon and half Ironman. Regarding motivation, women differ in the dimensions of group activity (p=0.020), emotion (p=0.002), and technical competence (p=0.007). Professional triathletes had higher scores in the dimensions of social recognition (p=0.001) and competition (p=0.001) and lower scores in the physical fitness dimension (p=0.005). Triathletes aged between 35 and 49 years had lower averages in the social recognition dimension (p=0.007), (p=0.012) and (p=0.004) and competition (p=0.028), (p=0.008) and (p=0.044) when compared to athletes aged 20 to 29 years. Conclusion: the profile of Brazilian triathletes is diverse, and differences in sex, age, and technical level impacted the motivation of the evaluated triathletes. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnosis test; Study of non-consecutive patients, with no uniformly applied "gold standard".

RESUMEN Introducción: El triatlón puede considerarse uno de los deportes de resistencia de mayor éxito a nivel mundial debido a la gran difusión de información, ampliación de la oferta de competiciones y mayor popularidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 411 triatletas, 127 mujeres [37,87 ± 9,34 años] y 284 hombres [36,02 ± 9,23 años]. Se enviaron electrónicamente tres cuestionarios para evaluar datos sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y de motivación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas para comparar la motivación entre grupos de edad, sexo y nivel técnico. Resultados: Se encontró que existe un predominio de triatletas masculinos, amateurs, con edades entre 30-40 años, empleados y económicamente favorecidos. Los deportistas aficionados tienen la carrera como deporte base para el Triatlón y los profesionales inician su carrera deportiva a través de la natación. Entre las distancias más practicadas se encuentran el Triatlón sprint y el medio Ironman. Respecto a la motivación, las mujeres difieren en las dimensiones actividad grupal (p=0,020), emoción (p=0,002) y competencia técnica (p=0,007). Los triatletas profesionales obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las dimensiones de reconocimiento social (p=0,001) y competición (p=0,001) y puntuaciones más bajas en la dimensión de condición física (p=0,005). Los triatletas con edades comprendidas entre 35 y 49 años tuvieron medias más bajas en la dimensión reconocimiento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) y (p=0,004) y competición (p=0,028), (p=0,008) y (p=0,044) en comparación con atletas de 20 a 29 años. Conclusión: el perfil de los triatletas brasileños es diverso y las diferencias de sexo, edad y nivel técnico impactaron en la motivación de los triatletas evaluados. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un diagnóstico prueba; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin un "patrón oro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMO Introdução: O Triathlon pode ser considerado um dos esportes endurance de maior sucesso mundialmente devido à grande disseminação de informações, ampliação da oferta de competições e maior popularidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 411 triatletas, sendo 127 mulheres [37,87 ± 9,34 anos] e 284 homens [36,02 ± 9,23 anos]. Foram enviados eletronicamente três questionários que avaliam dados sociodemográficos, socioeconômicos e a motivação. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e testes estatísticos para comparar a motivação entre grupos de idade, sexo e nível técnico. Resultados: Verificou-se que há prevalência de triatletas homens, amadores, com faixa etária entre 30-40 anos, empregados e economicamente favorecidos. Atletas amadores possuem a corrida como esporte de base para o Triathlon e profissionais iniciam sua carreira esportiva pela natação. Entre as distâncias mais praticadas estão o Triathlon sprint e meio Ironman. Sobre a motivação, mulheres diferem nas dimensões de atividade de grupo (p=0,020), emoção (p=0,002) e competência técnica (p=0,007). Triatletas profissionais apresentaram maiores pontuações nas dimensões de reconhecimento social (p=0,001) e competição (p=0,001) e menores pontuações na dimensão aptidão física (p=0,005). Triatletas com idades entre 35 a 49 anos obtiveram menores médias na dimensão reconhecimento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) e (p=0,004) e competição (p=0,028), (p=0,008) e (p=0,044) quando comparados com atletas de 20 a 29 anos. Conclusão: o perfil de triatletas brasileiros é diverso e as diferenças de sexo, idade e nível técnico impactaram na motivação dos triatletas avaliados. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um diagnóstico este; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem "padrão ouro" aplicado de maneira uniforme.

Effect of brain endurance training on maximal oxygen uptake, time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control in runners.

We aimed to analyze the effect of brain endurance training on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx ), time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control in amateur trained runners. We employed a mixed experimental design, with the group as the between-participant factor and time as the within-participant factor. 45 participants attended 36 training sessions over 12 weeks. The cognitive training group (CT) performed the Stroop word-color task [trials of each type (congruent, incongruent, and neutral) were randomly presented during each training session], the endurance training group (ET) participated in a running training program (intensity was 60%Δ of maximal aerobic velocity and performed on a motor-driven treadmill), and the brain endurance training group (BET) make cognitive and endurance training simultaneously over 12 weeks. The total time of each session (i.e., 20-40 min) was identical in the experimental groups. VO2máx , time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control tests were measured before (baseline) and after (post-experiment) the 12-week intervention. A significant effect of interaction (group × time) for VO2máx (p < 0.05) was found. A post-hoc test showed an increase in VO2máx from baseline to post-experiment only for ET (Δ% = 2.98) and BET (Δ% = 3.78) groups (p < 0.05). Also, the analyses showed a significant interaction (group × time) for time-to-exhaustion (p < 0.05), and a post-hoc test revealed an improvement in time-to-exhaustion for ET (Δ% = 8.81) and BET (Δ% = 11.01) (p < 0.05). No group × time interaction was found for accuracy and response time in the inhibitory control task (p > 0.05). The results conclude that BET was not superior to ET for improving VO2máx and time-to-exhaustion. Also, the findings conclude that BET improved inhibitory control similar to CT.

Head-to-head opponent mitigates mental fatigue effects during a 20-km time trial in well-trained cyclists.

We aimed to analyze the effect of a head-to-head virtual race on 20-km time trial performance in well-trained mentally fatigued cyclists. A total of 24 male professional cyclists participated in the present study, which was conducted in a within-factors design [four experimental conditions × four times (throughout 20-km time trial cycling)]. An avatar representing the participant on the racecourse was visible during the time trials. Then, a second virtual avatar representing the opponent was projected onto the screen in the mental fatigue head-to-head and control head-to-head experimental conditions. Measurements [rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and eye-tracking measures (i.e., pupil diameter)] were performed every 5-km throughout the 20-km time trial. As a result, impaired total time, power output, and cadence throughout the 20-km cycling time trial were found for mental fatigue compared to mental fatigue head-to-head, control head-to-head, and control conditions (p < 0.05). Also, impaired 20-km time trial performance (total time, power output, and cadence) was found for mental fatigue head-to-head compared to control head-to-head (p < 0.05). Moreover, lower RPE was found for the control and control head-to-head conditions than mental fatigue head-to-head and mental fatigue experimental conditions (p < 0.05). Higher pupil diameter was also found for mental fatigue head-to-head, control head-to-head, and control than the mental fatigue experimental condition (p < 0.05). In summary, the overall performance throughout the 20-km cycling time trial was improved by the presence of a virtual opponent for the mentally fatigued cyclists.

Body, eating, and exercise comparison orientation measure (BEECOM): Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties among Brazilian female university students.

The Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparison Orientation Measure (BEECOM) is an instrument that aims to quantify behaviors related to social comparison, specifically comparisons related to the body, eating and exercise, and was originally developed using a nonclinical population of American university women. The objective of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and verify the psychometric qualities of the BEECOM for young Brazilian adult women aged 18-35 years. In the present study, the cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument was performed through its translation, back-translation and evaluation by the target population. The instrument proved to be easy to understand among young women. Then, the psychometric qualities of the instrument were evaluated using a sample of 716 women (Mage = 22.47 ± 3.10). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the presence of three factors and satisfactory adjustment indexes. The BEECOM presented an invariant measurement across white vs. nonwhite and physically active vs. non-active individuals. In addition, the instrument showed adequate reliability and convergent validity. In conclusion, the BEECOM is a useful tool to evaluate social comparison behaviors related to eating disorders and body image in young Brazilian female adults, enabling further research on these constructs and supporting the development of preventive strategies.

Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review.

Pregnancy is a remarkable time and generates several changes in women in a short period. Body image is understood as the mental representation of the body itself, and, although bodily changes are considered healthy, they can impact pregnant women's body image. Problems related to body image during pregnancy can affect the health of the mother and fetus; thus, it is essential for health professionals to detect potential disorders as soon as possible. The objective of this systematic review was to identify instruments for assessing body image in pregnant women, highlighting their main characteristics. To this end, we applied the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to searches in the EMBASE, PubMed, and American Psychological Association databases from 5 January to 10 August 2021. We included studies on adult pregnant women without comorbidities in the validation and adaptation of (sub)scales that analyze components of body image. We excluded studies that considered nonpregnant, adolescent, postpartum, and/or clinical populations, as well as smoking/drug use studies that were not validation studies or did not assess any aspect of body image. We investigated the quality of the studies using the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs. In all, we examined 13 studies. The results point to a growing concern over body image during pregnancy, as there has been an increase in the number of validation and adaptation studies involving scales for different cultures that scrutinize different constructs. The findings suggest that the listed instruments be used in future research.

Playing videogames or using social media applications on smartphones causes mental fatigue and impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of playing videogames and using social media applications on smartphones on decision-making and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in amateur boxers. Twenty one boxers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to all three experimental conditions [smartphone (30SMA), videogame (30VID), and control (CON)]. CMJ was measured before and 30-min after each experimental condition. The athletes ran simulated combat recorded for decision-making analysis. The boxers watched coaching videos (CON), used social media applications on smartphones (30SMA), and played video games (30VID) for 30 min just before the combat simulation. Both attack and defense decision-making performance were worse in both 30SMA and 30VID conditions compared to the CON condition (p = 0.001). Regarding CMJ, despite no condition effect (p = 0.96) been obtained, a time effect (p = 0.001) was observed; So, it was found a decrease in CMJ performance after all experimental conditions (p = 0.001), with no difference between them. Using social media applications on smartphones and playing video game impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers, with no harms for CMJ performance.

Nada, pedala e corre: análise qualitativa das motivações para a prática esportiva de triatletas amadores e profissionais / Nadar, pedalear y correr: análisis cualitativo de las motivaciones para la práctica deportiva de triatletas aficionados y profesionales / Swim, pedals and run: qualitative analysis of motivations for the practice of sports by amateur and professional triathletes

Resumo O Triathlon, composto por natação, ciclismo e corrida, evidenciou um crescimento da sua prática nos últimos anos. Atualmente enfrentamos uma das maiores pandemias mundiais devido ao novo coronavírus, o que afetou diretamente a rotina de treinos e preparação para competições de triatletas. O objetivo desta investigação, sob uma metodologia qualitativa, é compreender quais são os fatores motivacionais para a prática do Triathlon por atletas brasileiros. Os resultados mostram três categorias emergentes: planilhas de treinos, provas e competições e impactos da pandemia de COVID-19. O artigo conclui que triatletas são motivados por razões distintas e traçam íntima relação à prática do Triathlon com suas respectivas trajetórias esportivas.

Resumen El triatlón, compuesto por natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie, ha mostrado un incremento en su práctica en los últimos años. Actualmente nos enfrentamos a una de las pandemias más grandes del mundo debido al nuevo coronavirus, que afectó directamente a la rutina de entrenamiento y preparación para las competencias de los triatletas. El objetivo de esta investigación, bajo una metodología cualitativa, es comprender cuáles son los factores motivacionales para la práctica del Triatlón por parte de los atletas brasileños. Los resultados muestran tres categorías emergentes: hojas de entrenamiento, pruebas y competencias e impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19. El artículo concluye que los triatletas se motivan por diferentes motivos y trazan una íntima relación entre la práctica del Triatlón y sus respectivas trayectorias deportivas.

Abstract Triathlon, composed of swimming, cycling and running, has shown an increase in its practice in the last few years. We are currently facing one of the biggest pandemics in the world due to the new coronavirus, which directly affected the training routine and preparation for triathlon competitions. The objective of this investigation, under a qualitative methodology, is to understand what are the motivational factors for the practice of Triathlon by Brazilian athletes. The results show three emerging categories: workout schedules, tests and competitions and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article concludes that triathletes are motivated by different reasons and trace an intimate relationship between the practice of Triathlon and their respective sports trajectories.

Cross-Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of SATAQ-4R for brazilian adolescents / Adaptação transcultural e avaliação psicométrica do SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileiros / Adaptación transcultural y evaluación psicométrica del SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileños

The aim of this study was to culturally adapt and to evaluate the psychometric properties of Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) among Brazilian adolescents. This scale evaluates the influence from parents, peers, media and significant others on body image. In the first stage, the conceptual, semantic, operational and content equivalences were assessed. In the second stage, 285 girls (M age = 15.54; SD = 1.59 years old) and 323 boys (M age = 15.34; SD = 1.66 years old) took part. The results from Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a factorial structure composed of 7 factors for girls and 6 factors for boys. Associations between SATAQ-4R and body dissatisfaction, body change behavior, eating attitudes and self-esteem suggested good convergent validity. We concluded that the SATAQ-4R is a valid and reliable instrument for Brazilian adolescents, which is considered a good tool for the evaluation of the beauty ideal internalization and socio-cultural influences. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Essa escala avalia influência dos pais, amigos, mídia e pessoas próximas na imagem corporal. Na primeira etapa, foram atestadas as equivalências conceitual, semântica, operacional e de conteúdo. Da segunda etapa, participaram 285 meninas (M idade = 15,54; DP = 1,59 anos) e 323 meninos (M idade = 15,34; DP = 1,66 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória apontaram estrutura fatorial com sete fatores para meninas adolescentes e seis fatores para meninos adolescentes. Associações entre SATAQ-4R e medidas de insatisfação corporal, comportamento de mudança corporal, atitudes alimentares e autoestima sugerem boa validade convergente da escala. Conclui-se que o SATAQ-4R é um instrumento válido e confiável para adolescentes brasileiros, sendo alternativa para avaliação da internalização dos padrões ideais de beleza e influências socioculturais. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar culturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileños. Esta escala evalúa la influencia de los padres, amigos, medios de comunicación y personas importantes en la imagen corporal. En la primera etapa, se atestiguaron las equivalencias conceptuales, semánticas, operativas y de contenido. En la segunda etapa, participaron 285 chicas (M edad = 15.54; DS = 1.59 años) y 323 chicos (M edad = 15.34; DS = 1.66 años). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostraron una estructura factorial de 7 factores para las chicas y 6 factores para los chicos. Las asociaciones entre el SATAQ-4R e insatisfacción corporal, la conducta del desarrollo corporal, las actitudes alimentarias y la autoestima sugieren una buena validez convergente. Se concluye que el SATAQ-4R es un instrumento válido para adolescentes brasileños y se considera una buena alternativa para la evaluación de la internalización de los ideales de belleza e influencias socioculturales. (AU)

Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women.

Background: During pregnancy and the postpartum period, women experience tremendous biopsychosocial changes in a short period of time. Poor body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem during the perinatal period may cause negative consequences for both the mother and the infant's physiological and psychological health. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem between the three gestational trimesters and the postpartum period. Methods: Participants (N = 1,423 pregnant and postpartum Brazilian women), aged between 18 and 42 years old (M = 29.22; SD = ±5.72), answered questionnaires on body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. BMI was self-reported. Descriptive and nonparametric covariance analysis were performed, comparing women who were in the first, second, and third trimesters and the postpartum period. Results: Body appreciation was significantly higher among women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimester. However, it was lower for women in all three gestational trimesters than for those in the postpartum. There was no difference in self-esteem during pregnancy, but it was significantly lower in the postpartum group. Similarly, depressive symptoms did not vary through pregnant groups but it was significantly higher in the postpartum group. Conclusions: The results showed that the postpartum period can be a difficult experience for women. They presented poor body appreciation and lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms compared to the pregnancy period. Therefore, it is necessary for public health policies to support women in this period, preserving their mental health and making this experience more positive.

Non-invasive brain stimulation over the orbital prefrontal cortex maintains endurance performance in mentally fatigued swimmers.

BACKGROUND: Using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on frontal brain areas might be a promising strategy to mitigates mental fatigue and maintain endurance performance swimmers. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze the effect of a-tDCS over the orbital prefrontal cortex (oPFC) on endurance performance of mentally fatigued female amateur swimmer. METHODS: Nineteen female amateur swimmers participated in this study. In two experimental visits, the swimmers completed the 3-min all-out tethered swimming after performing a 30-min Stroop test with a-tDCS or placebo (Sham) stimulation over the left-oPFC. The brain stimulation conditions (i.e., a-tDCS and Sham) were performed in a double-blinded and counterbalanced order. RESULTS: It was found lower critical force, mean force, force minimum, fatigue index, and aerobic impulse for Sham than a-tDCS (p < 0.05). There was no main effect of condition for peak force (p >  0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that a-tDCS applied over the left-oPFC in female amateur swimmers mentally fatigued maintained endurance performance. From a practical point of view, the use of a-tDCS should be considered to counteract harmful cognitive effects and maintain endurance performance during competitive race events.

Effect of mental fatigue on mean propulsive velocity, countermovement jump, and 100-m and 200-m dash performance in male college sprinters.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of mental fatigue on mean propulsive velocity (MPV), countermovement jump (CMJ), 100, and 200-m dash performance in college sprinters. A total of 16 male athletes of sprint events (100 and 200-m dash) participated in this study. Each participant underwent two baseline visits and then running under the three experimental conditions. Assessments (MPV and CMJ) occurred both before and after either smartphone use (SMA) or Stroop task (ST), or watching a documentary TV show about the Olympic Games (CON). Then, the athletes ran the simulated race (i.e. the 100 and 200-m dash). There was no condition (p > 0.05) or time effect (p > 0.05) for MPV, CMJ, 100-m, or 200-m dash performance. In conclusion, the present study results revealed no mental fatigue effect induced by SMA or ST on neuromuscular, 100-m or 200-m dash performance in male college sprinters.

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention among Brazilian young women: A randomized efficacy trial of the Body Project.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Body Project eating disorder prevention program in reducing eating disorder risk factors and symptoms in young Brazilian women. A total of 141 female university students aged 18-30 years old were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: assessment-only condition (n = 78) and Body Project condition (n = 63). Participants completed scales assessing body dissatisfaction, sociocultural influence, disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, eating disorders symptoms, body appreciation, depressive mood and negative affect at baseline, posttest, and at 1- and 6-month follow-ups. Body Project participants showed significantly greater reductions in body dissatisfaction, sociocultural influence, disordered eating, eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and negative affect, and greater increases in body appreciation (d = .35-.48) compared to assessment-only participants. Most of the effects persisted through 6-month follow-up (d = .35-.74). Results provide evidence that the Body Project is an effective intervention to reduce eating disorder risk factors and eating disorder symptoms among Brazilian young women, and that this intervention is naturally culturally adaptive.

Transcranial Stimulation Improves Volume and Perceived Exertion but does not Change Power.

This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) on the volume, perceived exertion, and neuromuscular performance measurements in trained and untrained adults. Twenty-four male adults (12 trained and 12 untrained) participated in this single-blind, randomized, and sham-controlled study. The participants performed three back squat repetitions using the 15RM load with maximal concentric velocity to assess neuromuscular performance before tDCS and 30-min after resistance exercise. Next, they were randomly assigned to a-tDCS over M1 or the sham condition. Participants performed ten sets of parallel back squat with 15RM load and repetitions sustained to momentary muscular failure. The total number of repetitions was higher (p<0.05) and perceived exertion was lower (p<0.05) after a-tDCS in both groups. Peak power, velocity, and force decreased in both groups after the RE session (p<0.05), but with a higher rate in untrained individuals (p<0.05). No significant effect was found for peak power, peak velocity, and peak force (p>0.05). This study suggests that using a-tDCS may improve the total volume of repetitions and perceived exertion in trained and untrained individuals.

Acute Effect of Drop-Set, Traditional, and Pyramidal Systems in Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Trained Adults.

ABSTRACT: Costa, BDV, Ferreira, MEC, Gantois, P, Kassiano, W, Paes, ST, de Lima-Júnior, D, Cyrino, ES, and Fortes, LS. Acute effect of drop-set, traditional, and pyramidal systems in resistance training on neuromuscular performance in trained adults. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 991-996, 2021-The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of resistance training (RT) systems on lower- and upper-limb performance in trained adults. Eighteen male young adults with experience in RT aged from 18 to 26 years underwent the 3 experimental conditions (drop-set [DS], decrescent pyramid [DP], and traditional [TR]). The subjects performed 2 exercises (bench press and leg press 45°). In the DS condition, they underwent 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 12RM, followed by 5 additional repetitions with an intensity of 15RM with 6-minute interval rest between sets. In the DP, it was performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 10RM, 12RM, and 15RM, respectively, and the rest interval was 3 minutes between sets. In the TR, the subjects performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 12RM with 3 minutes of rest between sets. Countermovement jump, peak power (Wpeak), and force (Fpeak) in the bench press were evaluated in the baseline, before, and 30 minutes after the experimental sessions. Countermovement jump performance decreased significantly only after the DS and DP conditions (-6.7 and -1.9%, respectively). The groups were significantly different in the post-intervention; the DS condition presented lower values when compared with the DP (p = 0.01) and TR (p = 0.001). According to Fpeak and Wpeak, only DS condition significantly decreased the performance (-3.8 and -4.1%, respectively). The results indicate the DS and DP conditions impair the neuromuscular performance of the lower limbs, whereas for upper limbs, only DS condition negatively affect upper-limb performance.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Self-Acceptance Scales for Pregnant and Postpartum Women.

Self-acceptance, that is, a person's acceptance of their own psychological and physical attributes, is considered critical for mental wellbeing. A lack of self-acceptance may contribute to the development of psychopathology. In the peripartum period, self-acceptance has particular relevance, as major psychological and body changes are normative during this time. This research presents the development and validation of the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW) and the Self-Acceptance Scale for Postpartum Women (SAS-PPW). Participants were aged 18-52. In Study 1, we developed 77 items for the SAS-PW and 74 items the SAS-PPW, based on literature review, previous scales, and qualitative study. In Study 2, nine experts and 60 representatives of the target population evaluated the instruments' content validity, leading some items to be excluded and others to be modified. Studies 3 and 4 analyzed the instruments' psychometric qualities among respondents to the instruments, 1254 pregnant women and 607 postpartum women from across Brazil. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with independent samples. The final SAS-PW (10 items and two-factors) and SAS-PPW (14 items and three-factors) demonstrated adequate psychometric quality for use with Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women, respectively.

Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children.

There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS) for Brazilian Young Women / Avaliação Psicométrica da Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS) para Jovens Brasileiras / Evaluación Psicométrica de la Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS) para Mujeres Jóvenes Brasileñas

Abstract Internalization is an important dimension of body image, which can be assessed using the Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS). This study aims to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment of the TIIS for young Brazilian women. A total of 448 young university women participated in the research (M age = 21.4 years; SD = 2.91). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, association with body dissatisfaction (Body Shape Questionnaire-8) and eating attitudes (Eating Attitudes Test-26), and assessment of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) were performed. The instrument had its semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalences ensured. The factor analysis demonstrated the presence of three factors and satisfactory adjustment indexes. In addition, the scale showed adequate values for convergent validity and reliability. The final version of the TIIS (18 items) obtained adequate psychometric properties for the evaluation of the body-ideal internalization among Brazilian young women. We suggest new studies to prove the factor structure for other populations.

Resumo A internalização é uma importante dimensão da imagem corporal, que pode ser avaliada através da Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS). O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural e a avaliação psicométrica da TIIS para jovens mulheres brasileiras. Participaram 448 jovens universitárias (M idade = 21.4 anos; DP = 2.91). Foram realizadas análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, associação com a insatisfação corporal (Body Shape Questionnaire-8) e atitudes alimentares (Eating Attitudes Test-26), e avaliação da confiabilidade (consistência interna e teste-reteste). O instrumento teve asseguradas suas equivalências semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual. A análise fatorial revelou presença de três fatores e índices de ajustamento satisfatórios. Além disso, a escala apresentou valores adequados para a validade convergente e confiabilidade. A versão final da TIIS (18 itens) apresentou adequadas qualidades psicométricas para a avaliação da internalização de padrões corporais ideais entre jovens brasileiras. Sugerem-se novos estudos que comprovem a estrutura fatorial para outras populações.

Resumen La internalización es una dimensión importante de la imagen corporal, que puede evaluarse utilizando la Thin-Ideal Internalization Scale (TIIS). El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar la adaptación transcultural y la evaluación psicométrica de la TIIS para mujeres jóvenes brasileñas. Participaron 448 jóvenes universitarias (M edad = 21.4 años; DP = 2.91). Se realizaron análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, asociación con insatisfacción corporal (Body Shape Questionnaire-8) y actitudes alimentarias (Eating Attitudes Test-26), y evaluación de la confiabilidad (consistencia interna y prueba-reprueba). El instrumento tuvo aseguradas sus equivalencias semánticas, idiomáticas, culturales y conceptuales. El análisis factorial reveló la presencia de tres factores e índices de ajuste satisfactorios. Además, la escala mostró valores adecuados de validez convergente y confiabilidad. La versión final de la TIIS (18 ítems) obtuvo propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la internalización del cuerpo ideal entre las jóvenes brasileñas. Se sugieren nuevos estudios para probar la estructura factorial a otras poblaciones.

Avaliação do estilo de vida de idosos residentes no município de Juiz de Fora- MG / Evaluation of the lifestyle of living residents in the municipality of Juiz de Fora - MG

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar o perfil de estilo de vida adotado por idosos residentes no município de Juiz de Fora ­ MG. A amostra foi composta por 383 idosos, de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Foi utilizado como instrumento de coleta, um questionário sociodemográfico semiestruturado a fim de caracterizar a amostra e a escala Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual (PEVI) para verificar o estilo de vida dessa população. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que as mulheres (p<0,001), os tabagistas (p<0,001) e os idosos fisicamente ativos (p<0,001), apresentam médias de estilo de vida melhores em relação aos homens, fumantes e sedentários, respectivamente. A presença de comorbidades (p=0,025), apresentou diferença em relação ao número de doenças que cada idoso afirmou possuir, e por fim, a categoria referente à saúde também apresentou discrepâncias significativas comparada a outros grupos (p<0,001). O estudo permitiu gerar dados que podem incentivar e nortear a criação de novas políticas públicas que têm como intuito melhorar o estilo de vida desses indivíduos. Sugere-se, como estudos futuros, o desenvolvimento de intervenções que possam auxiliar idosos a modificar comportamentos de estilo de vida deletérios à saúde.(AU)

The objective of this study is to identify the lifestyle profile adopted by elderly residents of the city of Juiz de Fora ­ MG. The sample consisted of 383 elderly people of both sexes, aged 60 years or over. A semi-structured sociodemographic questionnaire was used as a collection instrument to characterize the sample and the Individual Lifestyle Profile scale (PEVI) to verify the lifestyle of this population. The results of this study showed that women (p <0.001), smokers (p <0.001), and the physically active elderly (p <0.001), have better lifestyle averages compared to men, smokers, and sedentary people, respectively. The presence of comorbidities (p = 0.025) showed a difference about the number of diseases that each elderly person claimed to have, and finally, the category referring to health, also showed significant discrepancies compared to other groups (p <0.001). The study allowed to generate data that can encourage and guide the creation of new public policies that aim to improve the lifestyle of these individuals. It is suggested as future studies the development of interventions that can help the elderly to modify health-damaging lifestyle behaviors.(AU)

Equation for eating disorder risk behaviors in female athletes / Equação para os comportamentos de risco de transtornos alimentares em atletas / Equación para los comportamientos de riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en atletas

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is difficult to detect athletes at risk of eating disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to create a predictive equation for eating disorder risk behaviors (EDRB) in female athletes. Methods: 484 athletes participated in the study. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to assess EDRB. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 was used to analyze the sociocultural influence on body image. The Body Shape Questionnaire and the Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire were used to assess body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness, and body checking, respectively. Skinfold thickness, body weight and height were also measured. The demographic data collected were age and weekly training regime. Results: The findings indicate that body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), sociocultural influence, body checking and body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness explain 23% of the EDRB variance (p = 0.001). The results showed no difference between the EAT-26 scores and the predictive equation (p = 0.27). Conclusion: It was concluded that the predictive equation is reliable for evaluating EDRB in female athletes. Level of evidence III; study case-control.

RESUMO Introdução: Destaca-se a dificuldade de rastrear atletas com risco de desencadeamento de transtorno alimentar. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi criar uma equação preditiva de comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (CRTA) para atletas do sexo feminino. Métodos: Participaram 484 atletas. O Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) foi usado para avaliar os CRTAs. O Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 foi usado para analisar a influência sociocultural na imagem corporal. Foram usados o Body Shape Questionnaire e o Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire para avaliar insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza e checagem corporal, respectivamente. Foram medidas dobras cutâneas, massa corporal e estatura. Os dados demográficos coletados foram idade e regime semanal de treino. Resultados: Os achados indicaram que índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G), influência sociocultural, checagem corporal e insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza explicaram 23% da variância dos CRTA (p = 0,001). Os resultados não demonstraram diferença entre os escores do EAT-26 e da equação preditiva (p = 0,27). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a equação preditiva é fidedigna para avaliar o CRTA em atletas do sexo feminino. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se destaca la dificultad de rastrear atletas con riesgo de desencadenamiento de trastorno alimentario. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue crear una ecuación predictiva de comportamientos de riesgo para los trastornos alimentarios (CRTA). Métodos: Participaron 484 atletas. Fue usado el Eating Attitudes Tests (EAT-26) para evaluar los CRTAs. Fue usado el Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 para analizar la influencia sociocultural en la imagen corporal. Fueron usados el Body Shape Questionnaire y el Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire para evaluar insatisfacción corporal direccionada a delgadez y verificación corporal, respectivamente. Fueron medidos pliegues cutáneos, masa corporal y estatura. Los datos demográficos colectados fueron edad y régimen semanal de entrenamiento. Resultados: Los hallazgos indicaron que índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentual de grasa (%G), influencia sociocultural, verificación corporal e insatisfacción corporal direccionada para la delgadez explicaron 23% de la variancia de los CRTA (p = 0,001). Los resultados no demostraron diferencia entre los puntajes del EAT-26 y de la ecuación predictiva (p = 0,27). Conclusión: Se concluye que la ecuación predictiva es fidedigna para evaluar el CRTA en atletas del sexo femenino. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de Caso-control.

Disordered eating and body change behaviours: support for the Tripartite Influence Model among Brazilian male university students.

The Tripartite Influence Model posits that sociocultural influences mediated by internalization and social comparison are predictors of disordered eating and body change behaviours. This study aimed to test the Tripartite Influence Model among Brazilian male university students, which has not been tested yet. 707 undergraduate students of the five Brazilian regions, completed measures of sociocultural influences, internalization, social comparison, body and muscularity dissatisfaction, disordered eating and body change behaviours. Structural equation modelling analyses showed good model-fitting. Parental influence was related to internalization, while peer influence with social comparison. Media influences were related to both internalization and social comparison. Internalization and social comparison are mediating variables that are related to body dissatisfaction and muscularity dissatisfaction. Finally, muscularity dissatisfaction was associated with body change behaviours.